9月至翌年4月宜昌、大通来流趋势及两站流量关系初探

利用长江上、下游代表水文站宜昌、大通站1951~2008年逐月月均流量资料，采用线性倾向估计、非参数Mann Kendall检验、滑动t 检验等方法，对两站9月至翌年4月（三峡蓄水期及枯季）各月多年来的流量变化趋势进行探讨，分析了流量发生突变的时间，并对各月两站流量间关系进行初步的研究。研究表明：宜昌、大通各月流量多年变化趋势基本一致，多年来，两站9~10月流量减少，1~3月流量显著增加，流量突变大多发生在20世纪80年代，流量的变化主要与水利工程的建设及流域降雨量的变化有关；宜昌、大通站两站流量存在一定的内在关系，9~10月份两站流量间关系较好，其余月份宜昌、大通两站流量的比值与大通流量间关系较好，所得关系式可初步用于流量预测     

株洲夏季大气中气态总汞浓度特征

为研究株洲市夏季优良天气下大气中气态总汞(TGM)的浓度特征,于2013年8月利用大气汞分析仪(2537X,加拿大)进行了20 d的连续在线观测。结果显示,实验期间株洲市大气TGM的平均浓度为(4.20±3.37)ng/m3,中值浓度为3.40 ng/m3,高于背景地区和沿海城市,略低于国内其他重点城市。晴天、阴雨天TGM浓度分别为3.59、7.96 ng/m3。晴天TGM浓度具有一定日变化规律,最高值出现在早上7:00~9:00,之后逐渐降低,17:00出现最低值;TGM白天和夜间浓度分别为3.57、3.62 ng/m3,昼夜变化不大。晴天TGM与一次污染物SO2、CO、NO2具有显著的正相关性,与O3呈显著负相关性。株洲市夏季主导风向为东南风,该方向没有明显污染源,西北方向风向频率较低,但TGM浓度明显升高,其主要来源可能是位于西北方向的清水塘工业区。     

Evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in Karun River water quality during five decades (1968–2014)

In the present study, the multivariate statistical technique cluster analysis (CA) is used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations in the water quality data for the Karun River, which was gathered during 46 years of monitoring (from 1968 to 2014). The data recorded electrical conductivity (EC) in the river at six water monitoring stations along its course. The mean of EC was 972.05 ± 365.466 micromhos per centimeter (μmhos/cm) at the most upstream station and showed an increase to 1458.41 ± 675.048 μmhos/cm at the most downstream of the stations. By using hierarchical CA, the six sampling stations were grouped into three clusters of similar characteristics, which may be a result of different land uses in proximity to the stations. Furthermore, two‐way analysis of variance showed that EC had a significant correlation (p < 0.001) with the season, and the mean of the pollution depended on the level of the cluster and the season (spring, summer, autumn, and winter).     

2013—2016年74城市臭氧浓度变化特征

利用2013—2016年74城市臭氧（O₃）监测数据，综合探讨了全国74城市O₃浓度时空变化特征、变化趋势。结果表明：2013—2016年，74城市O₃-8 h各百分位浓度总体呈上升趋势，且百分位较高区间O₃浓度逐年上升速率越快，O₃-8 h第95百分位浓度年增长5.3 μg/m³，其次是第90百分位；O₃区域性污染特征明显，京津冀及周边、长三角、珠三角O₃污染问题突出；74城市O₃浓度超标天数年增长3 d/城市，O₃污染呈明显日、季节变化特征，午后14：00—17：00达到小时浓度峰值，超标日主要集中于5—10月；O₃对环境空气质量综合指数贡献率逐年增加，北京、上海和广州O₃贡献率年增长分别为1.9%、1.1%和0.8%。     

Characterization of the aerosol chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Suzhou in the Yangtze River Delta, China

To control the spread of COVID-19, rigorous restrictions have been implemented in China, resulting in a great reduction in pollutant emissions. In this study, we evaluated the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta during the COVID-19 lockdown period using satellite and ground-based data, including particle matter (PM), trace gases, water-soluble ions (WSIs) and black carbon (BC). We found that the impacts of lockdown policy on air quality cannot be accurately assessed using MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, whereas the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) vertical column density can well reflect the influences of these restrictions on human activities. Compared to the pre-COVID period, the PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, carbon monoxide (CO), BC and WSIs during the lockdown in Suzhou were observed to decrease by 37.2%, 38.3%, 64.5%, 26.1%, 53.3% and 58.6%, respectively, while the sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ozone (O₃) increased by 1.5% and 104.7%. The WSIs ranked in the order of NO₃^? > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^? > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ during the lockdown period. By comparisons with the ion concentrations during the pre-COVID period, we found that the ions NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, SO₄^2?, Cl^?, Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ decreased by 66.3%, 48.8%, 52.9%, 56.9%, 57.9% and 76.3%, respectively, during the lockdown, in contrast to Mg²⁺, which increased by 30.2%. The lockdown policy was found to have great impacts on the diurnal variations of Cl^?, SO₄^2?, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺.     

Temporal variation and sharing of antibiotic resistance genes between water and wild fish gut in a peri-urban river

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as emergence contaminations have spread widely in the water environment. Wild fish may be recipients and communicators of ARGs in the water environment, however, the distribution and transmission of ARGs in the wild fish and relevant water environment were rarely reported. Here, we have profiled ARGs and bacterial communities in wild freshwater fish and relevant water in a peri-urban river using high-throughput qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequence. A total of 80 and 220 unique ARG subtypes were identified in fish and water samples. Fish and water both showed significant ARG seasonal variations (P < 0.05). The highest absolute abundance of ARGs in fish and water occurred in summer (1.32 × 10⁹ copies per g, on average) and autumn (9.04 × 10⁶ copies per mL), respectively. In addition, the bipartite network analysis showed that 9 ARGs and 1 mobile genetic element continuously shared in fish and water. Furthermore, bacteria shared in fish and water were found to significantly correlate with shard ARGs. The findings demonstrate that bacteria and ARGs in fish and water could interconnect and ARGs might transfer between fish and water using bacteria as a spreading medium.     

全球近地层臭氧时空分布特征及其来源解析

根据东亚酸沉降网（EANET）和全球温室气体数据中心（WDCGG）等观测资料,对比各地区近地面O₃的季节变化特征,在全球大气化学传输模式MOZART-4中引入在线源追踪方法,结合收支分析,确认各项作用对不同地区O₃的贡献量.研究表明,模拟结果能够再现各地区O₃的季节变化特征以及收支量：清洁背景地区（海洋站居多）近地面O₃各项收支量较小,体积分数在-3×10^-9-3×10^-9/d之间,且净的化学作用大多处于损耗O₃的状态;大多数陆地测站净的光化学作用为产生O₃（约33.8×10^-9/d）.近地面O₃的源主要来自对流层内部,平流层的贡献较小（约10×10^-9）.对于极地及清洁背景地区,平流层的贡献是O₃季节变化的重要原因.平流层的贡献呈现明显的季节变化,即冬季最大（约20.7×10^-9）,夏季最低（约2×10^-9）.     

洲际传输对我国对流层臭氧影响的数值模拟

采用MOZART-4模式并引入在线源追踪方法量化分析北美和欧洲对我国对流层臭氧（O₃）的贡献,整体来说模拟值能较好地与观测值对应.结果表明,北美和欧洲对流层对我国近地层O₃贡献较低,夏季体积分数分别为0.3×10^-9和0.6×10^-9;冬季略高,均为0.9×10^-9.北美对我国自由对流层O₃贡献较高,不同季节体积分数峰值均超过3.8×10^-9,而欧洲对我国自由对流层的贡献在夏季最高可达7.3×10^-9.呈现以上特征的原因是虽然冬季弱光照条件不利于O₃生成,但东亚的下沉气流能增加北美和欧洲对我国近地层O₃的贡献;夏季北美和欧洲对流层内O₃的生成量大幅增加,但地中海沿岸的下沉气流能减少北美和欧洲大陆西岸对中国O₃的贡献而对欧洲整体影响较弱.此外中国地表的上升气流也会减少北美和欧洲对中国近地层O₃的贡献.HYSPLIT模拟的输送路径表明冬季由于下沉气流的影响,北美近地层气团难以传输至我国,而自由对流层有13条轨迹到达我国;此时欧洲在东亚下沉气流作用下不同高度均有较多轨迹到达我国.夏季受地中海下沉气流影响北美没有到达中国的轨迹,欧洲到达我国的轨迹同样为一年中最少.     

深圳大气PM2.5化学组成的长期变化特征

为分析深圳市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度长期持续下降的原因,进而明确PM_2.5下一步减排潜力和精细化管理方向,本研究基于2019年在深圳市西乡点位采集的PM_2.5样品,分析了西乡PM_2.5的化学组成及季节分布特征.结果表明,2019年西乡点位PM_2.5年均浓度为29.4μg/m³,总体上呈现夏低冬高的季节特征,有机物（OM）和硫酸根（SO₄^2-）仍是主要的组分,分别占总质量的42.3%和17.6%.对2009、2014、2019年典型月份PM_2.5的组分进行对比,PM_2.5全年质量浓度从42.3μg/m³（2009年）下降至24.6μg/m^3.（2019年）,OM、SO₄^2-、硝酸根（NO₃^-）、铵根（NH₄⁺）和元素碳（EC）等都有明显的下降趋势.矿物质元素（Al、Ca）是地面扬尘和建筑尘的标识组分,近年来Al、Ca浓度的增加趋势表明宝安区西乡扬尘的影响在逐渐扩大.2009、2014、2019年OC/EC的值逐渐扩大,说明了一次燃烧源排放的影响逐渐减小,但二次有机物（SOC）的贡献逐渐凸显.通过分析2004、2009、2014、2019年夏、冬季PM_2.5中6种主要组分变化趋势,表明6种主要组分夏冬两季皆有下降趋势,但由于气象因素导致冬季污染物受到区域传输的影响较大,夏季各组分浓度的下降幅度普遍高于冬季.总体来说深圳市PM_2.5浓度持续下降的原因是深圳市对机动车、工业VOC （挥发性有机物）、远洋船舶以及一次燃烧源的管控和减排.     

黄河源植被时空变化及其对地形和气候的响应

基于2000~2019年MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）遥感数据,辅以同期气温、降水和地形数据,通过最大值合成、趋势分析及相关分析法,分析了黄河源区植被的时空变化特征及其对地形和气候变化的响应.结果表明：黄河源区植被NDVI整体处于中高水平,但空间差异显著,呈现由东南向西北递减的空间分布格局;近20a来,植被总体上呈现出变好的趋势.植被对高程和坡度响应明显,随着高程的增加,植被NDVI呈现先增加后减少的趋势,但在3500~4100m区间植被NDVI变化不显著;此外,植被NDVI随着坡度的增大呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,且在24~26°坡度带植被NDVI达到最大值.黄河源区植被受气温和降水的共同影响,与降水相比,气温对黄河源区植被变化的影响更为显著.